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1 sense determination
English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > sense determination
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2 sense of purpose
résolution; détermination; p. ext. sens du devoir/des responsabilitésEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > sense of purpose
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3 измерение
determination, dimension, measuring operation, gaging, measure, measurement, measuring, mensuration, test, sense, sensing -
4 purpose
nounwhat is the purpose of doing that? — was hat es für einen Zweck, das zu tun?
you must have had some purpose in mind — du musst irgendetwas damit bezweckt haben
answer or suit somebody's purpose — jemandes Zwecken dienen od. entsprechen
for the purpose of discussing something — um etwas zu besprechen
on purpose — mit Absicht; absichtlich
for purposes of — zum Zwecke (+ Gen.)
2) (effect)to some/good purpose — mit einigem/gutem Erfolg
3) (determination) Entschlossenheit, diehave a purpose in life — in seinem Leben einen Sinn sehen
4) (intention to act) Absicht, die* * *['pə:pəs]1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) der Zweck2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) der Zweck3) (determination: a man of purpose.) die Entschlußkraft•- academic.ru/59172/purposeful">purposeful- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purpose* * *pur·pose[ˈpɜ:pəs, AM ˈpɜ:r-]I. nto do sth for financial/humanitarian \purposes etw aus finanziellen/humanitären Gründen tunthe \purpose of this organization is to help homeless people Zweck dieser Organisation ist es, Obdachlosen zu helfento give sb a \purpose in life [or their lives] jds Leben einen Sinn gebento have a \purpose in life ein Lebensziel habento all intents and \purposes in jeder HinsichtI came to Brighton for the express \purpose of seeing you ich bin einzig und allein nach Brighton gekommen, um Sie zu sehento the \purpose zweckdienlichlack of \purpose mangelnde Entschlossenheit, Unentschlossenheit fsingleness of \purpose Zielstrebigkeit fstrength of \purpose Entschlusskraft fyou need more \purpose in your life, young woman! Sie müssen Ihr Leben mehr in die Hand nehmen, junge Frau!for [all] practical \purposes im Endeffekt, praktisch [genommen]to be to little \purpose von geringem Nutzen [o nicht sehr erfolgreich] seinto be to no \purpose nutzlos [o erfolglos] seinall her efforts turned out to be to no \purpose alle ihre Bemühungen waren letztlich erfolglosit's to no \purpose to vacuum es bringt sowieso nichts staubzusaugen▪ to \purpose to do sth (intend) vorhaben [o beabsichtigen], etw zu tun; (resolve) beschließen [o geh den Entschluss fassen], etw zu tun* * *['pɜːpəs]1. non purpose — mit Absicht, absichtlich
what was your purpose in doing this? —
he did it for or with the purpose of improving his image — er tat es in der Absicht or mit dem Ziel, sein Image zu verbessern
to answer or serve sb's purpose(s) — jds Zweck( en) entsprechen or dienen
his activities seem to lack purpose — seine Aktivitäten scheinen nicht zweckgerichtet zu sein
to some/good/little purpose — mit einigem/gutem/wenig Erfolg
2) no pl (= resolution, determination) Entschlossenheit fstrength of purpose — Entschlusskraft f, Entschlossenheit
sense of purpose (of nation) — Ziel nt, Zielvorstellungen pl
2. vt (liter)beabsichtigen* * *sth etwas;B s1. Zweck m:for this purpose zu diesem Zweck;for what purpose? zu welchem Zweck?, wozu?2. (angestrebtes) Ziel:give some purpose to one’s life seinem Leben ein Ziel geben3. Absicht f, Vorhaben n:honesty of purpose Ehrlichkeit f der Absicht(en);novel with a purpose, purpose novel Tendenzroman mweak of purpose ohne Entschlusskraft5. (wesentliche) Sachea) zwecks, um zu,b) im Sinne des Gesetzes etc;on purpose absichtlich, mit Absicht;a) zur Sache (gehörig), sachlich,b) zweckdienlich;be to little purpose wenig Zweck haben;to no purpose vergeblich, umsonst;* * *nounwhat is the purpose of doing that? — was hat es für einen Zweck, das zu tun?
answer or suit somebody's purpose — jemandes Zwecken dienen od. entsprechen
on purpose — mit Absicht; absichtlich
for purposes of — zum Zwecke (+ Gen.)
2) (effect)to some/good purpose — mit einigem/gutem Erfolg
3) (determination) Entschlossenheit, die4) (intention to act) Absicht, die* * *n.Absicht -en f.Vorsatz -¨e m.Zweck -e m. -
5 purpose
'pə:pəs1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) propósito,fin; razón2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) función, uso, utilidad3) (determination: a man of purpose.) determinación•- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purpose
purpose n propósito / motivo / intenciónwhat is the purpose of your visit? ¿cuál es el motivo de su visita?on purpose a propósito / adredeI didn't do it on purpose, it was an accident no lo hice a propósito, fue un accidentetr['pɜːpəs]1 (aim, intention) propósito, intención nombre femenino, fin nombre masculino; (reason) razón nombre femenino, motivo■ what is the purpose of your visit? ¿cuál es el motivo de su visita?■ she went with the express purpose of causing a scene fue con el propósito expreso de montar una escena2 (use) uso, utilidad nombre femenino3 (determination) resolución nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto no purpose inútilmente, en vanoto have a purpose in life tener una meta en la vidato have a sense of purpose tener una razón de serto serve a purpose servir de algo, servir para algoto serve no purpose no servir para nada, ser inútilon purpose a propósito, adrede, a postapurpose ['pərpəs] n1) intention: propósito m, intención fon purpose: a propósito, adrede2) function: función f3) resolution: resolución f, determinación fn.• centro s.m.• designio s.m.• efecto s.m.• empresa s.f.• fin s.m.• finalidad s.f.• intención s.f.• mira s.f.• objeto s.m.• propósito s.m.• proyecto s.m.• solución s.f.v.• proponer v.• proyectar v.'pɜːrpəs, 'pɜːpəs1) ca) (intention, reason) propósito m, intención fwhat was your purpose in doing it? — ¿qué pretendías or qué te proponías con eso?
I left the door open for a purpose — por algo or por alguna razón dejé la puerta abierta
for one's own purposes — por su (or mi etc) propio interés
the machine is good enough for our purposes — la máquina sirve para lo que nos proponemos hacer con ella
on purpose — a propósito, adrede, ex profeso, aposta (Esp fam)
b) ( use)to serve a (useful) purpose — servir* de algo
2) u ( resolution) determinación f['pɜːpǝs]to have a/no sense of purpose — tener*/no tener* una meta or un norte en la vida
1. N1) (=intention) propósito m, objetivo mshe has a purpose in life — tiene un objetivo or una meta or un norte en la vida
what was your purpose in going? — ¿con qué intención fuiste?
purpose of visit — (on official form) motivo del viaje
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I put that there for a purpose — he puesto eso ahí a propósito or por una razón•
on purpose — a propósito, adredeintent 2.•
with the purpose of — con el fin de2) (=use) uso m, utilidad fwhat is the purpose of this tool? — ¿qué uso or utilidad tiene esta herramienta?
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to good purpose — provechosamente•
it was all to no purpose — todo fue inútil or en vano•
you can adapt it to your own purposes — lo puede adaptar a sus necesidadesserve 1., 2)•
it serves no useful purpose — no tiene uso práctico, no tiene utilidad práctica3) (=determination) resolución f, determinación f•
to have a sense of purpose — tener un rumbo en la vidainfirm•
she has great strength of purpose — tiene muchísima resolución or determinación, es muy resuelta2.VT†to purpose doing sth/to do sth — proponerse or planear hacer algo
* * *['pɜːrpəs, 'pɜːpəs]1) ca) (intention, reason) propósito m, intención fwhat was your purpose in doing it? — ¿qué pretendías or qué te proponías con eso?
I left the door open for a purpose — por algo or por alguna razón dejé la puerta abierta
for one's own purposes — por su (or mi etc) propio interés
the machine is good enough for our purposes — la máquina sirve para lo que nos proponemos hacer con ella
on purpose — a propósito, adrede, ex profeso, aposta (Esp fam)
b) ( use)to serve a (useful) purpose — servir* de algo
2) u ( resolution) determinación fto have a/no sense of purpose — tener*/no tener* una meta or un norte en la vida
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6 purpose
['pɜːpəs]1) (aim) scopo m., fine m., intenzione f., proposito m.for the purpose of doing — con il proposito o lo scopo di fare
for the purposes of this book,... — dati gli scopi di questo libro,...
for all practical purposes — a tutti gli effetti, in pratica, praticamente
this will serve the purpose — questo andrà bene o farà al caso nostro
to some o good purpose non invano, con qualche risultato; to no purpose invano, con nessun risultato; to the purpose — form. a proposito, all'uopo
2) (determination) (anche strength of purpose) decisione f., fermezza f.to have a sense of purpose — essere determinato o deciso
3) on purpose (deliberately) apposta, di proposito* * *['pə:pəs]1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) scopo2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) funzione3) (determination: a man of purpose.) determinazione•- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purpose* * *['pɜːpəs]1) (aim) scopo m., fine m., intenzione f., proposito m.for the purpose of doing — con il proposito o lo scopo di fare
for the purposes of this book,... — dati gli scopi di questo libro,...
for all practical purposes — a tutti gli effetti, in pratica, praticamente
this will serve the purpose — questo andrà bene o farà al caso nostro
to some o good purpose non invano, con qualche risultato; to no purpose invano, con nessun risultato; to the purpose — form. a proposito, all'uopo
2) (determination) (anche strength of purpose) decisione f., fermezza f.to have a sense of purpose — essere determinato o deciso
3) on purpose (deliberately) apposta, di proposito -
7 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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8 purpose
purpose ['pɜ:pəs]1 noun(a) (objective, reason) but m, objet m;∎ what's the purpose of your visit? quel est le but ou l'objet de votre visite?;∎ for or with the purpose of doing sth dans l'intention ou le but de faire qch;∎ he buys real estate for tax purposes il investit dans l'immobilier pour des raisons fiscales;∎ it suits my purposes to stay here j'ai de bonnes raisons de rester ici;∎ to do sth with a purpose in mind or for a purpose faire qch dans un but précis;∎ for this purpose dans ce but, à cet effet;∎ but that's the whole purpose of the exercise! mais tout l'intérêt de l'exercice est là!;∎ to have a sense of purpose être motivé;∎ to give sb a sense of purpose motiver qn;∎ his life lacked any real sense of purpose sa vie était dépourvue de but précis;∎ to have a purpose in life avoir un but dans la vie;∎ her remarks were to the purpose/not to the purpose ses remarques étaient pertinentes/hors de propos∎ what is the purpose of this room/object? à quoi sert cette pièce/cet objet?;∎ the hangar wasn't built for that purpose le hangar n'était pas destiné à cet usage;∎ for all purposes à toutes fins, à tous usages;∎ intended for practical purposes destiné à des usages pratiques;∎ for our purposes pour ce que nous voulons faire;∎ for the purposes of this demonstration pour les besoins de cette démonstration;∎ for the purpose of this article… (in lease, contract etc) au sens du présent article…;∎ £5,000 will be enough for present purposes 5000 livres suffiront à couvrir nos besoins actuels;∎ the funds are to be used for humanitarian purposes les fonds seront utilisés à des fins humanitaires;∎ intended purpose (of building, amount of money) destination f, affectation f;∎ they were never used for their intended purpose ils n'ont jamais servi à l'usage auquel on les destinait;∎ does it serve any useful purpose? est-ce que ça sert à quelque chose?;∎ to serve no purpose ne servir à rien;∎ this will suit or serve your purpose cela fera votre affaire;∎ once she had served her purpose they abandoned her une fois qu'elle eut tenu son rôle, ils l'abandonnèrent;∎ the money will be put or used to good purpose l'argent sera bien employé;∎ he will use his knowledge to good purpose there il pourra y mettre à profit ses connaissances;∎ we are arguing to no purpose nous discutons inutilement;∎ my efforts had been to no purpose mes efforts étaient restés vains;∎ the negotiations have been to little purpose les négociations n'ont pas abouti à grand-chose(c) (determination) résolution f, détermination f;∎ she has great strength of purpose elle a une volonté de fer, c'est quelqu'un de très déterminé∎ literary to purpose to do sth or doing sth se proposer de faire qchexprès;∎ I did it on purpose je l'ai fait exprès;∎ I avoided the subject on purpose j'ai fait exprès d'éviter ou j'ai délibérément évité la question -
9 credit
1. noungive somebody [the] credit for something — jemandem für etwas Anerkennung zollen (geh.)
take the credit for something — die Anerkennung für etwas einstecken
[we must give] credit where credit is due — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt
it is [much or greatly/little] to somebody's/something's credit that... — es macht jemandem/einer Sache [große/wenig] Ehre, dass...
it is to his credit that... — es ehrt ihn, dass...
be a credit to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen
2)gain credit — an Glaubwürdigkeit gewinnen
give [somebody] credit — [jemandem] Kredit geben
be in credit — [Konto:] im Haben sein; [Person:] mit seinem Konto im Haben sein
6) (fig.)2. transitive verbhe's cleverer than I gave him credit for — er ist klüger, als ich dachte
1) (believe) glauben2) (accredit)credit something with something — einer Sache (Dat.) etwas zuschreiben
3) (Finance, Bookk.) gutschreibencredit £10 to somebody/somebody's account — jemandem/jemandes Konto 10 Pfund gutschreiben
* * *['kredit] 1. noun1) (time allowed for payment of goods etc after they have been received: We don't give credit at this shop.) der Kredit2) (money loaned (by a bank).) der Kredit3) (trustworthiness regarding ability to pay for goods etc: Your credit is good.) der Ruf4) ((an entry on) the side of an account on which payments received are entered: Our credits are greater than our debits.) das Haben5) (the sum of money which someone has in an account at a bank: Your credit amounts to 2,014 dollars.) das Guthaben6) (belief or trust: This theory is gaining credit.) der Glaube7) ((American) a certificate to show that a student has completed a course which counts towards his degree.) der Anrechnungspunkt2. verb1) (to enter (a sum of money) on the credit side( of an account): This cheque was credited to your account last month.) anrechnen2) ((with with) to think of (a person or thing) as having: He was credited with magical powers.) zuschreiben•- academic.ru/17119/creditable">creditable- creditably
- creditor
- credits
- credit card
- be a credit to someone
- be a credit to
- do someone credit
- do credit
- give someone credit for something
- give credit for something
- give someone credit
- give credit
- on credit
- take the credit for something
- take credit for something
- take the credit
- take credit* * *cred·it[ˈkredɪt]I. nall \credit to her for not telling on us alle Achtung, dass sie uns nicht verraten hat!to her [great] \credit, she admitted she was wrong man muss [es] ihr hoch anrechnen, dass sie ihren Fehler zugegeben hatto be a \credit to sb/sth, to do sb/sth \credit jdm/etw Ehre machento claim \credit [for sth] sich dat etw als Verdienst anrechnenwe cannot claim much \credit for her success ihr Erfolg ist nicht unser Verdienstto get \credit for sth für etw akk Anerkennung bekommento give sb \credit for sth (attribute) jdm etw [o das Verdienst an etw dat] zuschreiben; (praise) jdm für etw akk Anerkennung zollen gehto acquire \credit sich dat Ansehen erwerbento gain \credit an Ansehen gewinnen▪ it is to sb's \credit that... es ist jds Verdienst, dass...to have sth to one's \credit etw vorweisen [o für sich akk verbuchen] könnenshe has a family, three books and a professorship to her \credit sie kann bereits eine Familie, drei Bücher und eine Professur vorweisenhe already has three box office hits to his \credit er kann schon drei Kassenerfolge für sich verbuchento have \credit glaubwürdig seinto lend \credit to sth etw glaubwürdig erscheinen lassento give \credit to sth etw dat Glauben schenkento give sb \credit for sth jdm etw zutrauenI gave him \credit for better judgement than he showed ich hätte ihm ein besseres Urteilsvermögen zugetrautto buy sth on \credit etw auf Kredit kaufento give [sb] \credit [jdm] Kredit gebenthe newsagent doesn't give me any more \credit ich kann beim Zeitschriftenhändler nicht mehr anschreiben lassento live on \credit auf Kredit [o fam Pump] lebento offer \credit on sth einen Kredit für etw akk anbietento sell sth on \credit etw auf Kredit verkaufen7. FIN (money in the bank) Haben nt; (right-hand side of account) Habenseite f; (entry) Gutschrift faccount in \credit Konto nt mit positivem Saldodebit and \credit Soll nt und Haben ntletter of \credit Akkreditiv nt fachsprtax \credit Steuergutschrift f10. (contributors)11.II. vt1. (attribute)▪ to \credit sth to sb jdm etw zuschreibenthe invention was \credited to him die Erfindung wurde ihm zugeschrieben2. (consider to be responsible for)▪ to \credit sth/sb with sth etw/jdm etw zuschreibenshe is \credited with discovering the substance ihr wird zugeschrieben, den Stoff entdeckt zu haben▪ to \credit sth/sb with sth etw/jdm etw zuschreibenhe'd always been \credited with understanding and sympathy for his patients alle hielten ihn seinen Patienten gegenüber für sehr verständnisvoll und mitfühlendI \credited her with more determination ich hatte ihr mehr Entschlossenheit zugetraut4. (believe)▪ to \credit sth etw glaubenher excuse took some \crediting ihre Entschuldigung war ziemlich unglaubwürdig5. (give, add)▪ to \credit sth to sb/an account jdm/einem Konto etw gutschreiben6. (give to, put into)▪ to \credit sb/an account with sth jdm/einem Konto etw gutschreiben* * *['kredɪt]1. nthe bank will let me have £5,000 credit — die Bank räumt mir einen Kredit von £ 5.000 ein
his credit is good — er ist kreditwürdig; (in small shop) er ist vertrauenswürdig
to give sb ( unlimited) credit — jdm (unbegrenzt) Kredit geben
we can't give you credit (bank) — wir können Ihnen keinen Kredit geben; (corner shop etc)
pubs do not usually give credit — in Lokalen bekommt man normalerweise nichts gestundet
letter of credit — Kreditbrief m, Akkreditiv nt
to be in credit — Geld nt auf dem Konto haben
3) no pl (= standing) Ansehen nt4) no pl (= honour) Ehre f; (= recognition) Anerkennung f; (SCH, UNIV = distinction) Auszeichnung fwell, all credit to you for not succumbing — alle Achtung, dass Sie nicht nachgegeben haben
to come out of sth with credit — ehrenvoll aus etw hervorgehen
to get all the credit — die ganze Anerkennung or Ehre einstecken
I do all the work and he gets all the credit — ich mache die Arbeit, und ihm wird es als Verdienst angerechnet
credit where credit is due (prov) — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt (prov)
5) no pl (= belief) Glaube mto give credit to sth — etw glauben, einer Sache (dat)
7) pl (FILM ETC) Vor-/Nachspann m; (in book) Herausgeber- und Mitarbeiterverzeichnis nt2. vt1) (= believe) glaubenwould you credit it! — ist das denn zu glauben!, ist das denn die Möglichkeit!
2) (= attribute) zuschreiben (+dat)he was credited with having found the solution —
it's credited with (having) magic powers — ihm werden Zauberkräfte zugeschrieben
to credit a sum to sb's account — jds Konto (dat) einen Betrag gutschreiben (lassen)
he/his account had been credited with £100 — ihm/seinem Konto waren £ 100 gutgeschrieben worden
* * *credit [ˈkredıt]A s1. Glaube(n) m:give credit to sth einer Sache Glauben schenken;2. Ansehen n, Achtung f, guter Ruf:be in high credit with in hohem Ansehen stehen bei;gain credit an Ansehen gewinnen3. Glaubwürdigkeit f4. Einfluss m5. Ehre f:be a credit to sb, be to sb’s credit, do sb credit, reflect credit on sb jemandem Ehre machen oder einbringen, jemandem zur Ehre gereichen;he has not done you credit mit ihm haben Sie keine Ehre eingelegt;to his credit it must be said that … zu seiner Ehre muss man sagen, dass …;with credit ehrenvoll;credit where credit is due Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt6. Anerkennung f, Lob n:get credit for sth Anerkennung finden für etwas;7. Verdienst n:a) jemandem etwas hoch oder als Verdienst anrechnen,b) jemandem etwas zutrauen,c) sich jemandem für etwas (dankbar) verpflichtet fühlen;he is cleverer than we give him credit for er ist klüger, als wir glauben;take credit to o.s. for sth, take (the) credit for sth sich etwas als Verdienst anrechnen, den Ruhm oder das Verdienst für etwas in Anspruch nehmen8. WIRTSCHa) Kredit mb) Zeit f, Ziel nc) Akkreditiv n:at one month’s credit auf einen Monat Ziel;credit on goods Warenkredit;credit on real estate Realkredit;give sb credit for £1,000 jemandem einen Kredit von 1000 Pfund geben;open a credit einen Kredit oder ein Akkreditiv eröffnen9. WIRTSCH Kredit(würdigkeit) f, -fähigkeit f10. WIRTSCHa) Guthaben n, Kreditposten mb) Kredit(seite) m(f), Haben n:your credit Saldo zu Ihren Gunsten;have sth to one’s credit fig etwas aufzuweisen haben11. WIRTSCH, PARL Br Vorgriff m auf das Budget12. US (Steuer)Freibetrag m, abzugsfähiger Betrag13. UNIV USa) Anrechnungspunkt m (auf ein für den Erwerb eines akademischen Grades zu erfüllendes Pensum)14. pl FILM, TV Vorspann m oder Ab-, Nachspann mB v/t1. Glauben schenken (dat), jemandem oder eine Sache glauben:would you credit it! ist es denn die Möglichkeit!, man sollte es nicht für möglich halten!a) jemandem etwas zutrauen,b) jemandem etwas zuschreiben4. WIRTSCHto sb jemandem):credit an account with an amount, credit an amount to an account einen Betrag einem Konto gutschreiben5. credit sb with three hours in history UNIV US jemandem für einen Geschichtskurs drei Punkte (aufs Pensum) anrechnen* * *1. noungive somebody [the] credit for something — jemandem für etwas Anerkennung zollen (geh.)
[we must give] credit where credit is due — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt
it is [much or greatly/little] to somebody's/something's credit that... — es macht jemandem/einer Sache [große/wenig] Ehre, dass...
it is to his credit that... — es ehrt ihn, dass...
be a credit to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen
2)credits, credit titles — (at beginning of film) Vorspann, der; (at end) Nachspann, der
give [somebody] credit — [jemandem] Kredit geben
be in credit — [Konto:] im Haben sein; [Person:] mit seinem Konto im Haben sein
6) (fig.)2. transitive verbhe's cleverer than I gave him credit for — er ist klüger, als ich dachte
1) (believe) glauben2) (accredit)credit something with something — einer Sache (Dat.) etwas zuschreiben
3) (Finance, Bookk.) gutschreibencredit £10 to somebody/somebody's account — jemandem/jemandes Konto 10 Pfund gutschreiben
* * *n.Ansehen - n.Kredit -e m. v.gutschreiben v. -
10 purpose
'pə:pəs1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) formål, hensikt, mening2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) formål, funksjon3) (determination: a man of purpose.) målbevissthet, besluttsomhet•- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purposeformål--------funksjon--------hensiktIsubst. \/ˈpɜːpəs\/1) formål, hensikt2) mål, oppgave, grunnhun er her av forretningsmessige grunner \/ i forretningsøyemed3) besluttsomhet4) nytte, bruk, formålaside from the purpose eller wide of the purpose som ikke hører til sakenfor all practical purpose i praksisinfirm of purpose vankelmodig, viljesvaklack of purpose manglende besluttsomhetmade for the purpose of something spesiallaget for noeon purpose med hensikton the purpose to for å, med den hensikt åpurposes -bruk, -hensyn, -grunnera sense of purpose livsinnhold, mening med tilværelsenstrength of purpose viljestyrke, besluttsomhetsuit\/serve\/answer its purpose tjene sin hensikttenacity of purpose målbevissthetto little purpose eller to no purpose forgjevesto the purpose hensiktsmessigto what purpose? hva nytter det?use something to good purpose få noe ut av noe, ha glede av noewanting of purpose uten mål og mening, meningsløswith the purpose of i den hensikt åwork with a purpose arbeide målbevisstIIverb \/ˈpɜːpəs\/ha til hensikt, akte, planlegge• they purpose making\/to make a further attemptpurposed tilsiktet forsettligpurpose something planlegge noe -
11 solid
1. adjective1) (rigid) festfreeze/be frozen solid — [fest] gefrieren/gefroren sein
2) (of the same substance all through) massivsolid tyre — Vollgummireifen, der
be packed solid — (coll.) gerammelt voll sein (ugs.)
3) (well-built) stabil; solide gebaut [Haus, Mauer usw.]have a solid majority — (Polit.) eine solide Mehrheit haben
4) (reliable) verlässlich, zuverlässig [Freund, Helfer, Verbündeter]; fest [Stütze]5) (complete) ganz6) (sound) stichhaltig [Argument, Grund]; solide [Arbeiter, Finanzlage, Firma]; solide, gediegen [Komfort, Grundlage]7) (Geom.): (having three dimensions) dreidimensional; räumlich2. noun1) (substance) fester Körper* * *['solid] 1. adjective1) (not easily changing shape; not in the form of liquid or gas: Water becomes solid when it freezes; solid substances.) fest2) (not hollow: The tyres of the earliest cars were solid.) massiv3) (firm and strongly made (and therefore sound and reliable): That's a solid piece of furniture; His argument is based on good solid facts/reasoning.) handfest4) (completely made of one substance: This bracelet is made of solid gold; We dug till we reached solid rock.) massiv5) (without breaks, gaps or flaws: The policemen formed themselves into a solid line; They are solid in their determination to strike.) geschlossen6) (having height, breadth and width: A cube is a solid figure.) räumlich2. adverb(without interruption; continuously: She was working for six hours solid.) geschlagen3. noun1) (a substance that is solid: Butter is a solid but milk is a liquid.) der Festkörper2) (a shape that has length, breadth and height.) der Körper•- academic.ru/68749/solidarity">solidarity- solidify
- solidification
- solidity
- solidness
- solidly
- solid fuel* * *sol·id[ˈsɒlɪd, AM ˈsɑ:-]I. adj\solid foundation stabile [o solide] Grundlage\solid punch kräftiger Schlag\solid rock massiver [o harter] Fels2. (not hollow) massiv3. (not liquid) fest\solid waste Festmüll mto be frozen \solid zugefroren sein4. (completely) ganz\solid gold Massivgold nt\solid silver massives [o reines] Silber\solid black/blue/red rein schwarz/blau/rot5. (substantial) verlässlich\solid argument stichhaltiges [o triftiges] Argument\solid evidence handfester Beweis\solid facts zuverlässige Fakten\solid footing stabile Basis\solid grounding solides [o fundiertes] Grundwissen\solid meal ordentliche [o richtige] Mahlzeit\solid reasoning fundierte Argumentation\solid reasons vernünftige [o stichhaltige] Gründe6. (concrete) plan konkrethe slept for 12 hours \solid er schlief 12 Stunden am Stückit rained for a month \solid es regnete einen ganzen Monat lang ohne Unterbrechunga \solid line of cars eine Autoschlange\solid record ungebrochener Rekord\solid success/winning streak anhaltender Erfolg/anhaltende Glückssträhne8. (unanimous)\solid approval volle [o geschlossene] Zustimmung\solid support volle Unterstützung9. (dependable) person solide, zuverlässig; democrat, socialist hundertprozentig; marriage, relationship stabil\solid bond festes Band\solid conservative Erzkonservative(r) f(m)11. (sound) solide, gut\solid performance gediegene VorstellungII. adv vollthe lecture hall was packed \solid with students der Vorlesungssaal war randvoll mit Studententhe hotel was booked \solid throughout January das Hotel war den ganzen Januar hindurch ausgebuchtIII. n4. FOOD* * *['sɒlɪd]1. adj1) (= firm, not liquid) fuel, food, substance festsolid body — Festkörper m
2) (= pure, not hollow, not broken) block, gold, oak, rock massiv; matter fest; crowd, traffic etc dicht; stretch, row, line ununterbrochen; queue, line of people etc geschlossen; layer dicht, dick; week ganz; (= heavily-built) person stämmigsolid ball/tyre — Vollgummiball m/-reifen m
the square was packed solid with cars — die Autos standen dicht an dicht auf dem Platz
they worked for two solid days — sie haben zwei Tage ununterbrochen gearbeitet, sie haben zwei volle Tage gearbeitet
he was 6 ft of solid muscle —
a man of solid build — ein kräftig or massiv gebauter Mann
a solid gold bracelet — ein Armband nt aus massivem Gold
3) (= stable, secure) bridge, house, car stabil; furniture, piece of work, character solide; foundations, ground fest; business, firm gesund, solide, reell; (= worthy) place respektabel; (= powerful) grip kraftvoll; (= competent) performance solidehe's a good solid worker —
4) reason, argument handfest, stichhaltig; grounds gut, fundiertto be solid on sth (accept/reject) —
we are solid behind you/that proposal — wir stehen voll und ganz hinter Ihnen/diesem Vorschlag
Newtown is solid for Labour — Newtown wählt fast ausschließlich Labour
6) (= valuable, substantial) education, knowledge, grounding solide; relationship stabil; meal kräftig, nahrhaft7)(= not hyphenated)
to be written solid — zusammengeschrieben werden2. adv1) (= completely) völlig2) (= without a break) pausenlos3. n1) fester Stoffsolids and liquids — feste und flüssige Stoffe pl; (Sci) Festkörper und Flüssigkeiten pl
* * *A adj (adv solidly)1. allg fest:solid body Festkörper m;solid state PHYS fester (Aggregat)Zustand;solid waste Festmüll m;on solid ground auf festem Boden (a. fig)2. hart, kompakt3. dicht, geballt (Wolkenmassen etc)4. stabil, massiv (gebaut) (Haus etc)5. derb, fest, stabil, kräftig (Stoff etc):solid build kräftiger Körperbau;solid leather Kernleder n;a solid meal ein kräftiges Essen6. massiv (Ggs hohl), Voll…:solid axle Vollachse f;7. massiv, gediegen (Gold):a solid gold watch eine Uhr aus massivem Gold8. fig solid(e), gründlich (Ausbildung etc)9. geschlossen, zusammenhängend (Häuserreihe etc)10. umg voll, geschlagen:11. a) einheitlich (Farbe)b) einfarbig (Hintergrund)12. echt, wirklich (Trost etc)13. gewichtig, triftig (Grund etc):solid arguments handfeste Argumente15. WIRTSCH solid(e)16. MATHa) körperlich, räumlichb) Kubik…, Raum…:solid angle räumlicher Winkel;solid geometry Stereometrie f;17. TYPO kompress, ohne Durchschuss18. kräftig, hart (Schlag etc)19. geschlossen, einmütig, solidarisch ( alle:for für jemanden oder etwas):the solid South der einmütige Süden (der USA, der ständig für die Demokraten stimmt);a solid vote eine einstimmige Wahl21. US sl prima, klasse, erstklassigB s1. MATH Körper m2. PHYS Festkörper m3. pl feste Bestandteile pl:4. pl feste Nahrung* * *1. adjective1) (rigid) festfreeze/be frozen solid — [fest] gefrieren/gefroren sein
2) (of the same substance all through) massivsolid tyre — Vollgummireifen, der
be packed solid — (coll.) gerammelt voll sein (ugs.)
3) (well-built) stabil; solide gebaut [Haus, Mauer usw.]have a solid majority — (Polit.) eine solide Mehrheit haben
4) (reliable) verlässlich, zuverlässig [Freund, Helfer, Verbündeter]; fest [Stütze]5) (complete) ganz6) (sound) stichhaltig [Argument, Grund]; solide [Arbeiter, Finanzlage, Firma]; solide, gediegen [Komfort, Grundlage]7) (Geom.): (having three dimensions) dreidimensional; räumlich2. noun1) (substance) fester Körper* * *adj.fest adj.massiv adj.robust adj.solid adj.solide adj.stabil adj.stabil gebaut adj.zuverlässig adj. -
12 purpose **** pur·pose n
['pɜːpəs]1) (intention) scopo, intenzione f, (use) usofor all practical purposes — a tutti gli effetti pratici, in pratica
on purpose — di proposito, apposta
to the purpose — a proposito, pertinente
to no purpose — senza nessun risultato, inutilmente
2)(resolution, determination)
sense of purpose — risolutezza -
13 purpose
purpose [ˈpɜ:pəs]1. noun( = aim) but m• what was the purpose of the meeting? quel était le but de cette réunion ?• my purpose in doing this is... la raison pour laquelle je fais ceci est...• with the purpose of... dans le but de...2. compounds* * *['pɜːpəs] 1.1) ( aim) but mfor our purposes, we can assume that... — dans l'optique qui nous intéresse, nous pouvons considérer que...
purpose unknown — usage m inconnu
to some ou good purpose — utilement
to the purpose — sout à propos
2) ( determination) (also strength of purpose) résolution f2.on purpose adverbial phrase exprès -
14 purpose
['pəːpəs]ncel m* * *['pə:pəs]1) (the reason for doing something; the aim to which an action etc is directed: What is the purpose of your visit?) cel2) (the use or function of an object: The purpose of this lever is to stop the machine in an emergency.) zadanie, funkcja3) (determination: a man of purpose.) stanowczość•- purposefully
- purposeless
- purposely
- purpose-built
- on purpose
- serve a purpose
- to no purpose -
15 confidence
1. n довериеlevel of confidence — уровень доверия; степень уверенности
confidence trick — мошенничество, злоупотребление доверием
2. n конфиденциальное сообщение, секретin confidence — в конфиденциальном порядке; секретно
3. n уверенность4. n самоуверенность, самонадеянность5. n стат. достоверность, степень достоверностиСинонимический ряд:1. assurance (noun) aplomb; assurance; boldness; firmness; poise; self-assurance; self-assuredness; self-confidence; self-possession; self-trust2. certainty (noun) assuredness; certainty; certitude; conviction; determination; persuasion; purpose; reassurance; sureness; surety3. effrontery (noun) brashness; brass; cheek; effrontery; face; gall; nerve; presumption4. reliance (noun) belief; credit; dependence; faith; hope; reliance; stock; trust; trusting5. secret (noun) secret; tipАнтонимический ряд:apprehension; doubt; insecurity; mistrust; modesty -
16 definition
1. n определение, дефиниция; толкованиеproblem definition — постановка задачи, формулировка задачи
2. n ясность, чёткость; определённость3. n радио ясная слышимость, отсутствие помех4. n тлв. фото, чёткость, резкость изображенияСинонимический ряд:1. delineation (noun) certification; circumscription; clarity; delineation; demarcation; determination; determining the boundary; distinctness; encompassment; outlining; surveying2. meaning (noun) analogue; denotation; explanation; explication; formalization; interpretation; meaning; sense; signification; synonym; terminology -
17 judgement
1. n юр. разбирательство, слушание дела в суде2. n юр. приговор, решение судаjudgement creditor — кредитор, признанный таковым по решению суда
to pass judgement — выносить судебное решение, объявлять приговор
3. n наказание, караit is judgement on you for … — это тебе в наказание за …; это тебя бог наказал за то, что …
4. n критика, осуждение5. n суждение, мнение, взгляд, оценка6. n рассудительность; здравый смыслСинонимический ряд:1. conclusion (noun) conclusion; deduction; inference2. decision (noun) decision; decree; determination; edict; opinion; pronouncement; ruling; verdict3. estimate (noun) appraisal; assessment; estimate; estimation; evaluation; valuation4. placement (noun) placement5. sentence (noun) sentence6. understanding (noun) discernment; discretion; discrimination; intelligence; perspicacity; prudence; sagacity; sense; understanding; wisdomАнтонимический ряд:consideration; evidence; investigation; proposition -
18 purpose
1. n цель, намерение; замыселon purpose — нарочно, с целью
to the purpose — кстати, к делу
of set purpose — с умыслом, предумышленно, преднамеренно
for practical purposes — для практических целей, с практической целью
that serves no purpose — это не годится; это не отвечает требованиям
2. n результат, успехto good purpose — с большим успехом; с большой пользой
to little purpose — почти безуспешно, безрезультатно
3. n целеустремлённость, целенаправленность4. n воля, решительностьwanting in purpose — слабовольный, нерешительный
debility of purpose — нерешительность, слабохарактерность
5. v иметь целью, намереваться; замышлятьsingle purpose — единственная цель; специализированный
Синонимический ряд:1. on purpose (adj.) consciously; deliberately; intentionally; on purpose2. aim (noun) aim; animus; aspiration; design; direction; duty; end; expectation; goal; intendment; intent; intention; mark; meaning; mission; object; objective; plan; point; prospect; rationale; reason; target; use; view3. confidence (noun) confidence; determination; resolve; tenacity4. job (noun) function; job; role5. mean (verb) aim; contemplate; design; intend; mean; plan; project; proposeАнтонимический ряд:accidentally; casualty; chance; fate; fortune; hazard; hesitation; hit; lot; miscalculate; risk; stake; venture -
19 purpose
A n1 ( aim) but m ; for the purpose of doing dans le but de faire ; what was his purpose in coming? dans quel but est-il venu? ; to have a purpose in life avoir un but dans la vie ; for cooking/business purposes pour la cuisine/les affaires ; for our purposes, we can assume that… dans l'optique qui nous intéresse, on peut considérer que… ; for the purposes of this book, I shall confine myself to the 18th century pour (les besoins de) ce livre, je me limiterai au XVIIIe siècle ; for all practical purposes en pratique ; purpose unknown usage m inconnu ; this knife will serve the purpose ce couteau fera l'affaire ; this bag is large enough for the purpose ce sac est assez grand ; put it in the bin provided for the purpose mets-le dans la poubelle prévue à cet effet ; to some ou good purpose utilement ; to no purpose inutilement ; to the purpose sout à propos ; not to the purpose sout hors de propos ;2 ( determination) ( also strength of purpose) résolution f ; to have a sense of purpose savoir ce que l'on veut, être déterminé ; lack of purpose indécision f.B on purpose adv phr ( deliberately) exprès ; I didn't do it on purpose je ne l'ai pas fait exprès ; she said it on purpose to frighten him elle l'a dit exprès pour l'effrayer. -
20 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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